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Trading
Indonesia, a developing country rich in natural resources and boasting the 4th largest population in the world, maintains an extensive trade presence. In 2023, the national trade balance reached US$480.7 billion, having grown significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period in 2019, when it stood at US$338.96 billion. Moreover, as of March 2024, the country has officially recorded a trade balance surplus for its 47th consecutive month.
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Trading
Indonesia, a developing country rich in natural resources and boasting the 4th largest population in the world, maintains an extensive trade presence. In 2023, the national trade balance reached US$480.7 billion, having grown significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period in 2019, when it stood at US$338.96 billion. Moreover, as of March 2024, the country has officially recorded a trade balance surplus for its 47th consecutive month.
In terms of exports, Indonesia’s top export commodity has historically been mineral-based fuels, especially coal. However, in the global market, Indonesia is a superpower in the exports of vegetable oils, particularly palm oil, having captured roughly 20 percent of the market with a total export value of US$35.2 billion in 2022. Behind that, Indonesia also leads in nickel exports, with a total export value reaching US$5.8 trillion or 14 percent of global exports.
In 2023, China emerged as Indonesia’s top partner for both exports and imports, with a total annual value of US$62.3 billion and US$62.2 billion, respectively. Meanwhile, the nation’s next top export destination is the US, with a total annual value of US$ 23.2 billion, while the next top import country of origin is Japan, with a total annual value of US$ 16.4 billion.
For trades on the level of individual consumers, the main driver of growth has been the rise in e-commerce throughout the past few years. E-commerce gross market value (GMV) grew by 20 percent from US$48 billion in 2021 to US$58 billion in 2022. This growth persisted to 2023, as e-commerce GMV grew by 7 percent to US$62 billion. E-commerce grew rapidly as it provided a means for Indonesian consumers to maintain access to goods and services during the pandemic period of 2020-2022. However, by the time the pandemic ended, e-commerce had grown ubiquitous and became a staple in the day-to-day lives of the average Indonesian.
Meanwhile, the domestic retail sector in Indonesia is driven by the sale of automotives. The retail of automotives alone in the country reached a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$174.35 billion in 2023, contributing to roughly 13.53 percent of Indonesia’s total GDP of US$1.3 trillion for that year at current market prices. Moreover, the country also achieved a per capita GDP of US$ 4,919.
Strong trade growth followed by increasing access to goods has bolstered local consumer confidence in Indonesia despite the period of uncertainty throughout 2023. According to Bank Indonesia’s monthly consumer confidence survey, Indonesians entered 2024 with high confidence, with the confidence index rising from 123.8 in December 2023 to 125.0 in January 2024. Moreover, this increase is even higher compared to same period the previous year, as a consumer confidence index of 123.0 was recorded for January 2023.
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An Indonesian political standup-comedy show currently streaming on Netflix has become one of the top trending topics on social media these past few weeks, some calling the content inappropriate while others welcoming it as a fresh take on current affairs. And now police are stepping in following formal reports for defamation, incitement and blasphemy.
Titled Mens Rea, a Latin phrase meaning guilty mind, the show released just before the end of the year has become a litmus test about the extent of free speech, including satire, in the country under the new Criminal Code which came into force on New Year Day.
Typically, the controversy, and now the reports filed with police, raised more curiosity and more views, so that it became the number one show on Netflix in Indonesia in the first three weeks of its release.
Pandji Pragiwaksono, one of Indonesia’s leading standup comedians, spared no one in the country’s political elite during the more than two-hour monologue, from the president and vice president, the military and the police, the political parties, Cabinet ministers and politicians who had been prominent in the news, as well as religious organizations.
The Netflix show is a recording of his stage performance at Indonesia Arena in Central Jakarta in August before a full capacity crowd of 10,000 paying audiences. It was a huge commercial success then, and now courtesy of Netflix, millions more people have watched it.
Given the controversy, it was only a matter of time before someone would turn to the law. Some took the bait, although it was not clear which of the big public figures or institutions they represent. Police said they have received separately three reports and two formal complaints to justify their investigation.
One complaint was filed by an individual claiming the content had been inciting and blasphemous.
In submitting the report, the individual attached press releases by groups claiming to represent Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah, two of Indonesia’s largest Muslim social organizations. Both groups immediately distanced themselves from the press releases, respectively by the Youth Force of Nahdlatul Ulama and the Alliance of Muhammadiyah Youth, saying they do not represent the view of the parent organizations.
Pandji picked on NU and Muhammadiyah for being the first religious groups to win lucrative coal mining concessions, despite having zero mining competence and skills, from then-president Joko “Jokowi” Widodo just before the 2024 general elections. Both groups openly supported the candidacy of Prabowo Subianto and Jokowi’s son Gibran Rakabuming in the presidential election. The pair went on to win with a landslide majority.
Another complaint was reportedly filed on behalf of politician Dharma Phongrekun, who ran and lost his bid in the 2024 Jakarta gubernatorial election. Dharma, however, said he was not offended by the jokes targeting him but could not stop if his supporters decided to file the report.
It is now up to the police to decide whether the complaints stand on strong ground against the new Criminal Code. When it comes to government figures or state agencies, the article on defamation said only the individuals or the institutions have the right to file complaints. They cannot be represented by others.
Police will also need to establish whether there is ill intention, or mens rea, in Pandji’s jokes, an essential component for a criminal investigation, to be able to proceed. Police also want to talk to 46-year Pandji, who lives in New York City, the United States.
Netflix has defended the streaming of Mens Rea, emphasizing its commitment in supporting creative freedom but distanced itself from the potential legal fallout. “Regarding the content and its legal implications, he [Pandji] is the most appropriate person to provide and explanation,” Malobika Banerji, Netflix Southeast Asia content director, was quoted as saying by Tempo.
One critic by the name of Tompi, a medical doctor/entertainer with over 1.5 million followers on social media, called out Pandji for making a mockery of Vice President Gibran’s physical appearance. Although he appreciated the political substance of the show, the surgeon said it was not smart for Pandji to mimic Gibran’s sleepy eyes for joke material.
The 38-year-old Gibran dismissed the controversy about him, saying he had grown accustomed to being the target of jokes and that he had seen much worse.
He said he had been borne with those eyes. “That’s okay. You entertain people;” he said.
