Sector
Trading
Indonesia, a developing country rich in natural resources and boasting the 4th largest population in the world, maintains an extensive trade presence. In 2023, the national trade balance reached US$480.7 billion, having grown significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period in 2019, when it stood at US$338.96 billion. Moreover, as of March 2024, the country has officially recorded a trade balance surplus for its 47th consecutive month.
View moreOther Sectors
Trading
Indonesia, a developing country rich in natural resources and boasting the 4th largest population in the world, maintains an extensive trade presence. In 2023, the national trade balance reached US$480.7 billion, having grown significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period in 2019, when it stood at US$338.96 billion. Moreover, as of March 2024, the country has officially recorded a trade balance surplus for its 47th consecutive month.
In terms of exports, Indonesia’s top export commodity has historically been mineral-based fuels, especially coal. However, in the global market, Indonesia is a superpower in the exports of vegetable oils, particularly palm oil, having captured roughly 20 percent of the market with a total export value of US$35.2 billion in 2022. Behind that, Indonesia also leads in nickel exports, with a total export value reaching US$5.8 trillion or 14 percent of global exports.
In 2023, China emerged as Indonesia’s top partner for both exports and imports, with a total annual value of US$62.3 billion and US$62.2 billion, respectively. Meanwhile, the nation’s next top export destination is the US, with a total annual value of US$ 23.2 billion, while the next top import country of origin is Japan, with a total annual value of US$ 16.4 billion.
For trades on the level of individual consumers, the main driver of growth has been the rise in e-commerce throughout the past few years. E-commerce gross market value (GMV) grew by 20 percent from US$48 billion in 2021 to US$58 billion in 2022. This growth persisted to 2023, as e-commerce GMV grew by 7 percent to US$62 billion. E-commerce grew rapidly as it provided a means for Indonesian consumers to maintain access to goods and services during the pandemic period of 2020-2022. However, by the time the pandemic ended, e-commerce had grown ubiquitous and became a staple in the day-to-day lives of the average Indonesian.
Meanwhile, the domestic retail sector in Indonesia is driven by the sale of automotives. The retail of automotives alone in the country reached a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$174.35 billion in 2023, contributing to roughly 13.53 percent of Indonesia’s total GDP of US$1.3 trillion for that year at current market prices. Moreover, the country also achieved a per capita GDP of US$ 4,919.
Strong trade growth followed by increasing access to goods has bolstered local consumer confidence in Indonesia despite the period of uncertainty throughout 2023. According to Bank Indonesia’s monthly consumer confidence survey, Indonesians entered 2024 with high confidence, with the confidence index rising from 123.8 in December 2023 to 125.0 in January 2024. Moreover, this increase is even higher compared to same period the previous year, as a consumer confidence index of 123.0 was recorded for January 2023.
Latest News
Several private companies, including Garibaldi "Boy" Thohir's Adaro Energy, have been dragged into the spotlight after prosecutors charged PT Pertamina and its subsidiary, PT Pertamina Patra Niaga (PPN), with corruption that allegedly cost the state trillions of rupiah. The case centers on the underpricing of unsubsidized Solar and Biosolar, Pertamina's diesel and biodiesel fuel brands, sold to numerous private sector buyers. The indictment, which could result in state losses of up to hundreds of trillions of rupiah, has sparked a heated debate among experts and civil society. Some caution against the potential criminalization of private sector buyers, while others insist on pursuing all possible corporate links to the corruption scheme.
In the indictment against former PT PPN President Director Riva Siahaan at the Central Jakarta District Court, prosecutors alleged that Pertamina (2018–2021) and PPN (2021–2023) sold unsubsidized Solar and Biosolar below the official floor price to 73 industrial consumers. The prices were reportedly even lower than the base price and cost of goods sold for subsidized fuels, causing an estimated Rp 9.41 trillion (US$566.7 million) in state losses. Pertamina also allegedly failed to regularly evaluate and adjust the erroneous pricing.
According to the indictment, the sales violated Pertamina's Guidelines for Marketing Management of Industrial and Marine Fuels No. A-001/F00000/2016-S9, which require fuel prices to reflect both the landed cost (total cost from production to delivery) and the pocket margin (the profit margin above costs). Pertamina was accused of not setting a pocket margin during 2018–2019 and of failing to issue a price negotiation guideline.
As for Siahaan, prosecutors charged that he signed contracts for the sale of Solar and Biosolar below the minimum price, violating PPN's Guidelines for Marketing Management of Industrial and Marine Fuels No. A02-001/PNC200000/2022-S9 and failing to establish a price negotiation procedure as required under President Director Decree No. Kpts034/PNA000000/2022-S0. His actions allegedly caused Rp 2.45 trillion in state losses.
Thirteen companies reportedly purchased underpriced fuel from PT PPN between 2018 and 2023, collectively saving significant sums:
- PT Pamapersada Nusantara (Astra Group) — Rp 958.38 billion
- PT Berau Coal Energy (Sinar Mas Group) — Rp 449.1 billion
- PT Bukit Makmur Mandiri Utama — Rp 264.14 billion
- PT Merah Putih Petroleum (Energi Asia Nusantara / Andita Niaisjah Hanafiah) — Rp 256.23 billion
- PT Adaro Indonesia (Adaro Group) — Rp 168.51 billion
- PT Ganda Alam Makmur (Titan Group / LX International JV) — Rp 127.99 billion
- PT Indo Tambangraya Megah (Banpu Group) — Rp 85.8 billion
- PT Maritim Barito Perkasa (Adaro Group) — Rp 66.48 billion
- PT Vale Indonesia (Vale S.A.) — Rp 62.14 billion
- PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa (Heidelberg Materials AG) — Rp 42.51 billion
- PT APP Purinusa Ekapersada (Sinar Mas Group) — Rp 32.11 billion
- PT Aneka Tambang / Antam (MIND ID) — Rp 16.79 billion
- PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals (Indotan Halmahera Bangkit) — Rp 14.06 billion
The underpricing case is part of a broader web of alleged corruption within Pertamina, which prosecutors say caused up to Rp 285 trillion in total state losses. The scandal included a scheme for fraudulent oil import contracts involving PT Tanki Merak and PT Orbit Terminal Merak and fuel adulteration between 2018–2023 that implicated the "godfather of oil" Muhammad Riza Chalid. Riza's son Muhammad Kerry Adrianto Riza, beneficial owner of PT Navigator Khatulistiwa, allegedly got marked-up contracts to ship Pertamina's fuel products.
Some legal experts have urged caution, warning that criminalizing corporate buyers could scare off investors and mischaracterize legitimate business transactions. They note that the private companies were not active participants but passive beneficiaries of Pertamina's pricing decisions. Others, however, argue that the Attorney General's Office (AGO) must enforce the law without bias, even against powerful corporations, since any proven wrongdoing amounts to robbing the public of their rights and should result in revoked business licenses.
Indonesia's oil and gas sector has long been plagued by what is often called the "oil and gas mafia." How the government handles Pertamina's sprawling corruption scandal, including the Solar and Biosolar underpricing, may determine whether this entrenched influence can finally be dismantled. Yet, recent executive interference in the judiciary, such as during the Tom Lembong case, which broadened the definition of state losses, could complicate both the verdict and its enforcement.
