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Trading
Indonesia, a developing country rich in natural resources and boasting the 4th largest population in the world, maintains an extensive trade presence. In 2023, the national trade balance reached US$480.7 billion, having grown significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period in 2019, when it stood at US$338.96 billion. Moreover, as of March 2024, the country has officially recorded a trade balance surplus for its 47th consecutive month.
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Trading
Indonesia, a developing country rich in natural resources and boasting the 4th largest population in the world, maintains an extensive trade presence. In 2023, the national trade balance reached US$480.7 billion, having grown significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period in 2019, when it stood at US$338.96 billion. Moreover, as of March 2024, the country has officially recorded a trade balance surplus for its 47th consecutive month.
In terms of exports, Indonesia’s top export commodity has historically been mineral-based fuels, especially coal. However, in the global market, Indonesia is a superpower in the exports of vegetable oils, particularly palm oil, having captured roughly 20 percent of the market with a total export value of US$35.2 billion in 2022. Behind that, Indonesia also leads in nickel exports, with a total export value reaching US$5.8 trillion or 14 percent of global exports.
In 2023, China emerged as Indonesia’s top partner for both exports and imports, with a total annual value of US$62.3 billion and US$62.2 billion, respectively. Meanwhile, the nation’s next top export destination is the US, with a total annual value of US$ 23.2 billion, while the next top import country of origin is Japan, with a total annual value of US$ 16.4 billion.
For trades on the level of individual consumers, the main driver of growth has been the rise in e-commerce throughout the past few years. E-commerce gross market value (GMV) grew by 20 percent from US$48 billion in 2021 to US$58 billion in 2022. This growth persisted to 2023, as e-commerce GMV grew by 7 percent to US$62 billion. E-commerce grew rapidly as it provided a means for Indonesian consumers to maintain access to goods and services during the pandemic period of 2020-2022. However, by the time the pandemic ended, e-commerce had grown ubiquitous and became a staple in the day-to-day lives of the average Indonesian.
Meanwhile, the domestic retail sector in Indonesia is driven by the sale of automotives. The retail of automotives alone in the country reached a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$174.35 billion in 2023, contributing to roughly 13.53 percent of Indonesia’s total GDP of US$1.3 trillion for that year at current market prices. Moreover, the country also achieved a per capita GDP of US$ 4,919.
Strong trade growth followed by increasing access to goods has bolstered local consumer confidence in Indonesia despite the period of uncertainty throughout 2023. According to Bank Indonesia’s monthly consumer confidence survey, Indonesians entered 2024 with high confidence, with the confidence index rising from 123.8 in December 2023 to 125.0 in January 2024. Moreover, this increase is even higher compared to same period the previous year, as a consumer confidence index of 123.0 was recorded for January 2023.
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Starting Aug. 1, four of the country's largest marketplaces - Tokopedia, Shopee, Lazada and Blibli - will begin withholding income tax directly from qualifying merchants' sales, replacing the long-standing self-assessment system. By turning digital platforms into tax collectors, the government hopes to improve compliance. The challenge is whether it can formalize the digital economy without discouraging the small businesses that drive its growth.
The reform is anchored in Finance Ministry Regulation (PMK) No. 37/2025, which establishes a new collection mechanism for Article 22 Income Tax (PPh Pasal 22) on domestic merchants selling through e-commerce platforms.
The regulation does not create a new tax or alter existing tax rates. Instead, it authorizes the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) to appoint eligible marketplaces as withholding agents responsible for collecting, remitting and reporting taxes on behalf of merchants. Under the regulation, online sellers with annual turnover between Rp 500 million (US$28,500) and Rp 4.8 billion are subject to a final income tax of 0.5 percent.
The challenge is that the reform does not come in isolation. It follows a series of regulatory changes affecting online merchants, including Trade Ministry Regulation No. 19/2026 and Medium, Small and Micro Enterprise (MSME) Ministry Regulation No. 3/2026, which require all online sellers - including micro enterprises - to obtain a Business Identification Number (NIB), as well as Government Regulation No. 20/2026, which removes the preferential 0.5 percent final income tax facility for certain business entities.
Each measure pursues a legitimate policy objective, from strengthening business formalization to improving tax administration. Taken together, however, they significantly increase the compliance burden facing the very MSMEs that have driven Indonesia's digital commerce boom.
To be fair, the government is correct in emphasizing that the new Finance Ministry regulation neither introduces a new tax nor raises existing tax rates. The more pressing issue is not the size of the levy, but the cumulative cost of compliance. Online merchants already bear marketplace commissions, service charges, advertising fees and other platform costs that can exceed 20 percent of each transaction.
Adding new administrative requirements - even those intended to simplify tax collection - risks reinforcing the perception that operating within the formal marketplace ecosystem is becoming increasingly burdensome. If the costs of compliance begin to outweigh the benefits of formalization, some smaller merchants may shift transactions to social commerce platforms or offline channels instead, undermining the very objective of expanding Indonesia's formal digital economy.
The marketplace withholding reform also reflects a broader transformation in Indonesia's approach to taxing the digital economy. Only days earlier, the Directorate General of Taxes expanded the list of digital service providers required to collect value-added tax (VAT), adding companies such as Strava, Kling AI and Envato. More than 230 digital firms now collect VAT on the government's behalf, generating over Rp 40 trillion in revenue.
Extending a similar approach to merchants' income tax suggests that Indonesia is increasingly embedding tax collection within digital platforms themselves, rather than relying primarily on voluntary taxpayer compliance. The government is no longer simply taxing the digital economy; it is redesigning the architecture of how taxes are collected within it.
Ultimately, the issue is one of incentives rather than taxation. Formalization cannot rely on enforcement alone; it must also remain economically worthwhile for businesses. Indonesia's digital economy has flourished because online platforms lowered the barriers to entrepreneurship for millions of MSMEs.
As compliance obligations accumulate, however, the government risks making formal participation progressively more costly. At a time when policymakers should be encouraging more businesses to participate in the formal digital economy, reforms that increase compliance costs must be implemented with particular care. The challenge is therefore not whether to strengthen tax administration, but how to do so without eroding the incentives that encourage businesses to enter - and remain in - the formal economy.
Delegating tax collection to large digital platforms is a logical step toward improving compliance and modernizing Indonesia's tax administration. But the true measure of success is not how much additional tax revenue the reform generates. It is whether more MSMEs choose to enter and remain in the formal digital economy, rather than being pushed away by rising compliance costs.
Similarly, the e-commerce platforms would face an increasingly stringent regulatory environment. This includes other planned regulations by the MSME Ministry, such as the discounts on platform fees aimed at micro and small enterprises (MSEs).
