Sector
Mining
Indonesia, a country rich in natural resources, boasts a mining sector that is undeniably one of its leading sectors. With vast reserves of mineral and non-mineral mining resources, the country stands as a global powerhouse in the mining industry. As of 2022, Indonesia’s mining industry contributed Rp2.3 quadrillion to the national GDP, accounting for 12.22 percent.
View moreOther Sectors
Mining
Indonesia, a country rich in natural resources, boasts a mining sector that is undeniably one of its leading sectors. With vast reserves of mineral and non-mineral mining resources, the country stands as a global powerhouse in the mining industry. As of 2022, Indonesia’s mining industry contributed Rp2.3 quadrillion to the national GDP, accounting for 12.22 percent.
Mining flourishes across various regions of the country, each contributing to the nation’s economy. It is present in regions such as South Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka-Belitung, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and North Kalimantan. Additionally, mining is also prevalent in Southeast Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, North Maluku, Papua, and West Papua.
Indonesia’s wealth of mineral resources offers a wide variety of materials available for mining. From abundant reserves of gold, bauxite, tin, and copper concentrates to nickel ore, the country’s rich mineral resources signify significant potential for economic growth and development. In addition, Indonesia is also rich in coal mining, with its abundant coal reserves catering to the energy needs of both domestic and international markets.
The country's mining sector thrives on these resources. In 2023, mineral resources such as bauxite reached a production of 28 million tons, gold at 85 thousand kilograms, tin concentrate at 57 thousand metric tons, copper concentrate at 3 million metric tons, along with nickel ore at 98 million metric tons.3 Meanwhile, Indonesia’s coal production reached 775.2 million tons in 2023, almost double than ten years earlier when coal production stood at 421 million tons.
Additionally, Indonesia is home to oil and gas exploration and exploitation, although its output has been dwindling. Once an exporting country of oil and gas, Indonesia has transitioned into a net importer of these commodities since 2008 when consumption surpassed outputs, which stood at around 1 million barrels per day (bpd). In the first semester of 2023, Indonesia’s oil output stood at 615 bpd.
Subsequently, the government has worked hard to reverse the trend of falling oil output and has set a target to restore oil lifting to 1 million bpd in 2030, alongside a gas production target of 12 billion standard cubic feet per day (BSCFD). As of January 2023, Indonesia’s documented oil reserves were 2.41 billion barrels, and its natural gas reserves stood at 35.5 trillion cubic feet.
As for investments, Indonesia secured US$30.3 billion for the energy and mining sector in 2023, marking an 11 percent increase from the previous year. That same year, the oil and gas sector led the way,
achieving US$15.6 billion in investments, followed by mineral and coal at US$7.46 billion, electricity at US$5.8 billion, and renewable energy at US$1.5 billion.
Latest News
PT Nations Petroleum, an oil and gas company linked to businessman Hashim Djojohadikusumo, President Prabowo Subianto ’s younger brother and special climate and energy envoy, has committed US$103.3 million to three years of work on the Natuna D-Alpha block, prompting questions over why the relatively new player is willing to take on such an ambitious bet.
One of Indonesia’s largest undeveloped gas resources that has eluded development for decades, the block presents formidable technical and commercial challenges, including gas containing more than 70 percent carbon dioxide (CO2).
The scale of Nations Petroleum’s commitment is striking, not only because of the block’s complexity but also because the company lacks the track record of the major international oil companies that have previously sought to develop it.
Industry players describe Nations Petroleum as a new and unproven player that would likely need a major international partner to provide the technology and financing required to develop D-Alpha. This raises questions about the company’s financial and technical capacity to take on the block, as well as speculation over why it is willing to commit so much to a project that has defeated previous development attempts.
The block’s history dates back to 1980, when Pertamina and ExxonMobil subsidiary Esso Natuna signed a production sharing contract (PSC). Pertamina and Esso Natuna initially held equal 50 percent shares but in 1996, Pertamina transferred a 26 percent interest to ExxonMobil’s Mobil Natuna, leaving the United States major with a 76 percent stake and Pertamina with 24 percent.
The contract was eventually terminated after the contractor failed to submit a feasibility study demonstrating D-Alpha’s commercial viability per the agreed deadline.
The government handed responsibility for the block to Pertamina in 2008, seeking to revive its development with international partners. In 2010, Pertamina formed a consortium with ExxonMobil, France’s Total and Malaysia’s Petronas.
Petronas was replaced by Thailand’s PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP) in 2012 and then Total subsequently withdrew, leaving behind a trio. By 2017 ExxonMobil and PTTEP had also withdrawn, bringing the consortium to an end and leaving Pertamina as the sole party.
The contrast with Nations Petroleum is considerable: ExxonMobil, Total, Petronas and PTTEP were all established international energy companies with extensive upstream operations and experience in technically challenging projects, yet they were unable to develop D-Alpha for commercial production.
The entity with the closest relevant experience within Hashim’s Arsari Group is PT Nations Natuna Barat, which is acquiring a 75 percent non-operated working interest in the Duyung PSC, which is developing the Mako gas field in the West Natuna basic. But that experience is both indirect and considerably smaller in scale than what D-Alpha requires.
The scope of the challenge also helps explain another view among industry players: that Nations Petroleum’s role in the block could primarily be as a source of capital rather than as the lead in its development. This has in turn fueled questions about the company’s ability to develop the block without a major international partner.
Hashim’s blood ties to Prabowo and his standing as a longtime political ally has added another layer of scrutiny, leading to speculation that political considerations may have played a role in awarding the block to Nations Petroleum.
Nevertheless, Pertamina cannot be expected to develop Natuna D-Alpha alone. The block presents an unusually difficult development proposition, while Indonesia has a strong interest in bringing its large undeveloped gas resources into production as domestic energy demand rises and oil and gas output remains under pressure.
Increasing domestic production is also an important part of the government’s broader energy security agenda, making D-Alpha strategically important despite the challenges involved.
The scale of the potential development is reflected in a 2010 estimate from the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry pointing to a required investment of around $52 billion. This estimate, released before the doomed four-way consortium attempted to advance the project, indicates the formidable technical and commercial challenges involved, including the field’s roughly 70 percent CO2 content.
For now, Nations Petroleum’s involvement remains focused on exploration and early-stage appraisal. The company will conduct geological and geophysical surveys and process 3D seismic data covering 591 square kilometers of the Natuna D-Alpha block. It will then carry out additional exploration studies, including drilling an appraisal well and an exploration well.
The results of this preliminary work will help determine whether Nations Petroleum can develop D-Alpha beyond the cycle of failed attempts that has defined the block for decades.
