Sector
Agriculture
Indonesia, with its archipelago of volcanic soil and plentiful rainfall, offers a natural abundance that sustains the nation and plays a crucial role in its economic prosperity. One of the country’s leading sectors is agriculture, supporting the livelihoods of millions and making a significant contribution to Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From rice paddies to coffee plantations, this diverse range of crops reflects the country’s unique geography and climate, making it a powerhouse in the global agricultural market.
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Agriculture
Indonesia, with its archipelago of volcanic soil and plentiful rainfall, offers a natural abundance that sustains the nation and plays a crucial role in its economic prosperity. One of the country’s leading sectors is agriculture, supporting the livelihoods of millions and making a significant contribution to Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From rice paddies to coffee plantations, this diverse range of crops reflects the country’s unique geography and climate, making it a powerhouse in the global agricultural market.
In 2022, Indonesia’s agricultural sector generated approximately Rp2.4 quadrillion in GDP. This sector alone accounts for 12.4 percent of the country’s GDP, underlining its importance to the national economy. The following year, the country experienced a steady growth rate of 1.3 percent in this sector.
Agriculture serves as a key sector for the national economy in various Indonesian provinces, including Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, and South Sumatra. Additionally, the provinces of Lampung, Bangka Belitung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and West Kalimantan, among others, also consider agriculture as a key sector.
This sector offers a rich variety of commodities, including paddy, corn, soybean, sweet potato, and cassava – all staple commodities that play a vital role in sustaining Indonesia’s food supply. Additionally, crops such as cocoa, coconut, coffee, and palm oil are essential for export income and providing job opportunities. In terms of employment, the agriculture sector employs nearly 28 percent of the country’s workforce.
The country’s agricultural sector has also attracted significant foreign investment in 2023, with roughly US$2 billion in direct contributions. With this sector helping sustain Indonesia’s food supply, the country’s paddy production statistics that same year indicate that roughly 10.2 million hectares of land were harvested, yielding an estimated 56.63 million tons of dried unhusked rice (GKG). Once processed for consumption, this translates to approximately 30.9 million tons of rice available for the population.
In a move to strengthen its agricultural foothold within Southeast Asia, Indonesia seeks to expand cooperation with Vietnam in both agriculture and aquaculture. Indonesia and Vietnam are forging a partnership to modernize their agriculture and aquaculture industries. This collaboration will leverage digitalization for improved efficiency and invest in research and development to enhance the quality and global competitiveness of their agricultural and fishery products.
Latest News
Indonesia’s position in the World Competitiveness Ranking (WCR) has dropped significantly, according to the World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) 2025, released in June by the International Institute for Management Development (IMD). The annual ranking evaluates 69 economies using global, regional, and national statistics, as well as surveys of corporate executives. The report highlights Indonesia’s sharp decline across key competitiveness indicators, amid ongoing economic headwinds.
Indonesia’s rank fell 13 places to 40th out of 69 countries globally, dropped three places to 11th out of 14 Asia-Pacific economies, and declined six spots to 16th among 32 countries with populations over 20 million. Furthermore, 66.1 percent of Indonesian executives surveyed cited economic opportunity as the main driver of societal polarization—the third-highest proportion among all countries surveyed —reflecting rising inequality concerns amid slowing growth.
The WCR assesses competitiveness across four pillars: economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency, and infrastructure. Indonesia’s weakest performance lies in infrastructure and government efficiency categories. In 2025, Indonesia’s infrastructure rank dropped five spots to 57th globally with a score of 59. For its indicators, basic infrastructure fell by 11 places to 33rd, technological infrastructure down 14 to 46th, scientific infrastructure plunged five to 50th, while health and environment, as well as education education, slipped by two to 63rd and 62nd, respectively.
Likewise, government efficiency fell 11 places to 34th, scoring 53.5. The institutional framework indicator down by 26 to 51st, business legislation fell seven to 49th, societal framework plunged eight to 47th, and public finance slipped six to 24th. Only tax policy showed improvement, rising two spots to 10th.
Business efficiency also deteriorated, falling 12 positions to 26th with a score of 59. Within this pillar, productivity and efficiency dropped 14 places to 44th, the labor market fell eight places to 10th, finance slipped 12 to 37th, management practices dropped 20 to 30th, and attitudes and values declined 14 to 26th.
In contrast, economic performance remained stable at 26th with a score of 58.7. The domestic economy improved slightly to 9th, international trade rose to 46th, and employment jumped 15 places to 17th. However, international investment fell to 46th and price stability slipped to 16th.
Contributing to these rankings is the continued contraction in the manufacturing sector. S&P Global has released their PMI survey results for June 2025, with Indonesia continuing its PMI contraction from 46.7 in April 2025 to 47.5 in May 2025. The drop in new orders for the second straight month is the worst since August 2021. Despite weaker demand for production input, average lead time lengthened the most in nine months amid poor weather and delivery delays. On the other hand, firms are confident the downturn will pass as they raised employment to the highest level in three months, while confidence for the 12-month output outlook also improved.
Meanwhile, credit growth has slowed, further reflecting economic cooling. Bank Indonesia (BI) revealed that bank loan growth slowed from 8.88 percent year-on-year (yoy) in April 2025 to 8.43 percent yoy in May 2025, while their third-party funds (TPF)’s growth slowed from 5.55 percent yoy to 4.29 percent yoy in the same time period. Based on loan usage, investment, working capital, and consumption loans grew by 13.74 percent yoy, 4.94 percent yoy, and 8.82 percent yoy, respectively; while sharia as well as micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) loans grew by 9.19 percent yoy and 2.17 percent, respectively. Overall, BI forecasted bank loan growth of 8 to 11 percent for 2025.
Taken together, these developments point to deeper structural challenges. Indonesia’s decline in government efficiency rank potentially indicated the ineffectiveness of the Prabowo Subianto administration’s budget austerity for the trade-off from its negative impacts, which could be identified in the drop of Indonesia’s rankings for infrastructure efficiency and its indicators. The continued contraction of Indonesia’s PMI, rising average lead time, the drop in new orders, likely contributed to its fallen business efficiency rank, with the loan growth slowdown affecting the decreased rank for the category’s finance indicator. Indonesia’s latest competitiveness score thus underscores the urgent need for more coordinated and reform-driven responses to reverse the country’s downward trend.
