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Finance
Indonesia’s financial sector has been flourishing over the past half decade. The COVID-19 pandemic period, while being a time of austerity for most sectors, led to revolutionary innovations in Indonesia’s financial services industry, particularly in fintech. From December 2020 to December 2022, total assets of the fintech sector grew by 48.54 percent from 2020 to 2022. This growing trend continued even after the pandemic lockdowns ended, as total assets in fintech grew by 30.8 percent from December 2022 to December 2023.
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Finance
Indonesia’s financial sector has been flourishing over the past half decade. The COVID-19 pandemic period, while being a time of austerity for most sectors, led to revolutionary innovations in Indonesia’s financial services industry, particularly in fintech. From December 2020 to December 2022, total assets of the fintech sector grew by 48.54 percent from 2020 to 2022. This growing trend continued even after the pandemic lockdowns ended, as total assets in fintech grew by 30.8 percent from December 2022 to December 2023.
With fintech paving the way forward, traditional banking followed suit by revolutionizing its services. From 2022 to 2023, the banking industry’s fund distribution increased by 6.28 percent, source of funds increased by 6.33 percent, and total assets in the industry grew by 6.98 percent, reaching a total of US$8.22 trillion. Moreover, even regional banks have been benefitting from this wave of innovation. For the same period from 2022 to 2023, the regional banking sector saw a 7.67 percent in distributed funds, an 8.08 percent increase in source of funds, and a 7.52 percent increase in total assets, reaching a total of US$137.96 billion.
Innovations in Indonesia’s finance sector extend beyond financial services. On September 2023, the Indonesian monetary authority, Bank Indonesia (BI), introduced three pro-market monetary instruments that function as short-term fixed income securities with high coupon rates. The three instruments, SRBI, SUVBI, and SUVBI, were able to collect Rp 409 trillion (US$25.2 billion), US$2.31 billion, and US$387 million, respectively.
Particularly in the case of the SRBI, this instrument represented an innovative way to attract capital flow from abroad during a period of high credit costs and slow investment. Approximately 20.77 percent, or Rp 85.02 trillion (US$ 5.26 billion), of the total outstanding SRBI were owned by non-Indonesian residents, underscoring the SRBI’s success as a monetary instrument.
Even when compared to other countries in the same region, the Indonesian finance sector stands out for its stability against fluctuations. Throughout 2023, the global cost of credit was high due to hawkish Fed policies made to curb US inflation, resulting in a stagnation of capital flow on a global scale. Entering the second quarter of 2024, the composite index of many Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore and Thailand recorded price decreases compared to the same period last year, reaching -3.96 percent and -13.9 percent on the Straits Times Index (STI) and the Bangkok SET index, respectively. Meanwhile, the Jakarta Stock Exchange Composite Index (JKSE) recorded a price increase of 5.18 percent for the same one-year period.
In summary, the Indonesian financial sector stands out for its stability and consistency, maintaining growth through innovation even during periods of austerity or global uncertainty. This consistency is also reflected in its GDP, which grew by 7.4 percent from 2022 to 2023, contributing roughly 4.16 percent to the national GDP in 2023.
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The proposed acquisition of a 30 percent stake in PT Bayan Resources (BYAN) by Jhonlin Baratama has entered a new phase after both parties signed a conditional sale and purchase agreement. The deal follows weeks of uncertainty over Bayan’s production quota, which had forced three of its subsidiaries to declare force majeure while awaiting approval of their revised 2026 mining work and budget plans (RKAB). The timing of the acquisition, Bayan’s force majeure declaration and the subsequent approval of its revised production quota raises questions about the role of regulatory intervention in corporate outcomes.
On Sept. 16, Bayan's controlling shareholders, Low Tuck Kwong and his daughter Elaine Low, signed a conditional sale and purchase of shares agreement with Jhonlin Baratama, the investment vehicle of tycoon Andi Syamsuddin Arsyad, better known as “Haji Isam”. The agreement covers 10,000,000,500 common shares, around 30 percent of Bayan's outstanding shares. The sale will be completed once the conditions precedent agreed by both parties are met. The agreement was signed just days after Bayan's subsidiaries declared force majeure on Sept. 11, and a week later on Sept. 23, the government approved additional quotas ranging between 15 million and 20 million tonnes for each subsidiary, allowing them to withdraw their force majeure declarations.
Much of the turmoil in coal mining stems from the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry's decision to shorten the validity of RKAB approvals from three years to one. At the same time, the ministry set this year's national coal production target at around 600 million tonnes, roughly a quarter below the 2025 output. Its stated aims are to preserve reserves over the long term and to support coal prices. Approvals, however, have been slow. As of September, around 50 mining companies were still waiting for approval of their revised RKAB, including Bayan. On Sept. 11, its subsidiaries PT Tiwa Abadi, PT Tanur Jaya and PT Fajar Sakti Prima declared force majeure on their coal supply obligations as without RKAB approval, they could not legally produce coal or meet their commitments to customers.
Moody's estimated that without the revised RKAB, Bayan's 2026 production would have only reached around 39 million tonnes, roughly 43 percent below the 68 million tonnes it produced last year. Moody's also cut Bayan's outlook from stable to negative. According to a source in the financial sector, the ministry had previously reduced the Bayan Group's RKAB allocation from 85 million tonnes to less than 40 million tonnes, a cut that could lead to more than 2,000 layoffs.
Talk of Haji Isam's interest in Bayan first surfaced in August, when he was rumored to be buying a 62 percent majority stake. Although Bayan initially said it was not aware of such an offer, the reports led to a sharp rally in Bayan’s shares, which peaked at Rp 17,125 (95 US cents) on Aug. 18 before sliding to Rp 10,200 on Sept. 15, a day before the agreement was signed. On Sept. 16, the stock rebounded, soaring 19.85 percent to Rp 12,225 during the day’s first trading session.
Aside from Bayan’s shares, the stock prices of Haji Isam’s companies, such as Dana Brata Luhur, Fast Food Indonesia, Jhonlin Agro Rata and Abadi Nusantara Hijau Investama, also surged after the announcement on his planned acquisition of Bayan’s stakes, indicating that investors anticipated better synergy between the government and Bayan on Haji Isam’s entrance.
However, the deal matters beyond its effect on shareholder wealth. The sequence of events suggests how business decisions can be shaped by government intervention. These concerns are sharper in the Bayan case because of Haji Isam's proximity to power. He served as deputy campaign treasurer for Joko "Jokowi" Widodo's 2019 presidential bid. He was also reportedly a prominent financial backer of Prabowo Subianto's 2024 campaign, as indicated when Prabowo introduced him to a delegation of Japanese investors as a leading Kalimantan businessman in December 2024. Tempo also reported that the Merauke food estate began with capital provided by Haji Isam but ended up being financed by the state budget.
Although none of these proves the Bayan approval was a favor, when approval from a single ministry determines whether a company can produce, fulfill its contracts and keep its workers, the process behind that approval must be transparent and predictable for every company, not only for the well-connected.
