Sector
Fishery
Indonesia, boasting the title of the world’s largest archipelagic country with a vast sea area of 5.8 million square kilometers, stands as one of the largest producers and suppliers in the global fisheries market. The abundance of sea area provides Indonesia with a wealth of fisheries products, making fisheries a national leading sector in the country.
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Fishery
Indonesia, boasting the title of the world’s largest archipelagic country with a vast sea area of 5.8 million square kilometers, stands as one of the largest producers and suppliers in the global fisheries market. The abundance of sea area provides Indonesia with a wealth of fisheries products, making fisheries a national leading sector in the country.
There are 23 regions where fisheries stand out as a leading sector, supporting local economies and providing food security. These regions encompass Aceh, Bengkulu, Riau, Lampung, South Sumatra, Central Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and North Kalimantan. Other regions include Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, North Maluku, Papua, West Papua, and Bangka Belitung.
In 2022, Indonesia’s fisheries sector contributed a total of Rp505 trillion to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Building this strong foundation, the country set an ambitious target of reaching US$7.2 billion in fishery exports by the end of 2023. Previously, total fishery product exports had hovered around US$5 billion to US$6 billion.
Supporting the sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP is its production. Throughout the third quarter of 2023, Indonesia’s fisheries production totaled 24.74 million tons. This figure includes both capture fisheries and aquaculture. In aquaculture, the main commodities are seaweed cultivation and shrimp cultivation, while in capture fisheries, the main commodities are tuna, skipjack tuna, and mackerel tuna.
Furthermore, Indonesia’s fisheries sector is experiencing a surge in investment. By the third quarter of 2023, the sector had attracted a total of Rp9.56 trillion in investment, with significant contributions from a mix of domestic sources at Rp5.32 trillion, foreign investors at Rp1.4 trillion, and credit sources at Rp2.84 trillion. Notably, China is the largest foreign investor, contributing Rp370.74 billion, followed by Malaysia with Rp240.4 billion, and Switzerland with Rp152.89 billion, highlighting the increasing international interest in Indonesia’s fisheries potential.
While Indonesia boasts impressive fisheries production and growing investments in its fisheries sector, it is vital to uphold fisheries regulations. These regulations ensure that this valuable sector thrives alongside healthy marine ecosystems. It is reported that Indonesia is scheduled to enforce a new fisheries policy in 2025, which will see quotas assigned to industrial, local, and non-commercial fishers across six designated fishing zones, covering all 11 fisheries management areas (FMAs) in Indonesia. The new quota system responds to a worrying rise in overexploited FMAs, which have increased to 53 percent from 44 percent in 2017.
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The plan to finance President Prabowo Subianto’s flagship Red and White Village Cooperatives (KDMP) program remains controversial, as the burden is set to fall on state-owned banks and the Village Fund. The Finance Ministry has stipulated that state-owned banks, supported by government liquidity, will finance the establishment of KDMP units, while the Village Fund will be used for repayment. Without strong governance, the program risks repeating the failures of the New Order regime’s Village Unit Cooperatives (KUD).
The legal foundation for extensive state financial support to KDMP was laid out in Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 17/2025. The regulation authorizes the Finance Ministry to utilize the General Allocation Fund (DAU), Revenue-Sharing Fund (DBH) and the Village Fund to repay loans for constructing and equipping KDMP units. The ministry is also instructed to place funds in state-owned banks (Himbara) to finance PT Agrinas Pangan Nusantara, which is responsible for construction, with loans of up to Rp 3 billion (US$177,310) per unit and six-year maturity.
Financing for KDMP has effectively become highly dependent on the Village Fund, as stipulated in Finance Ministry Regulation (PMK) No. 7/2026. According to Article 7, of the total Village Fund allocation of Rp 60.57 trillion in the state budget, Rp 59.57 trillion is distributed based on existing formulas, while Rp 1 trillion is reserved for incentives for priority villages and KDMP support. Notably, Article 15 mandates that 58.03 percent of the formula-based allocation, equivalent to Rp 34.57 trillion, be directed toward supporting KDMP units. This leaves only around Rp 25 trillion to be directly distributed to and managed by more than 75,000 villages, or roughly Rp 300 million per village.
The Finance Ministry has clarified that loan repayments to Himbara banks for Red and White Subdistrict Cooperatives (KKMP) will be funded through DAU and DBH transfers to local administrations. It also emphasized that KDMP buildings and equipment will be legally owned by villages. To compensate for the reallocation of Village Fund resources, Inpres No. 17/2025 mandates that 20 percent of each cooperative’s profits (SHU) be distributed to the village for development purposes.
Meanwhile, Agrinas Pangan revealed that, of the Rp 200 trillion financing it secured from Himbara banks, around Rp 90 trillion has been spent. The funds have been used to construct 30,712 KMP cooperative stalls, although only 1,357 were operational as of Feb. 24. The company has also imported 105,000 pickup and six-wheel trucks from India.
The Finance Ministry has assured that the mass import of trucks, valued at Rp 24.66 trillion, will not add to the 2026 state budget deficit. Instead, it will manage repayment of Agrinas Pangan’s debt to Himbara banks through annual installments of Rp 40 trillion over six years, in line with the original financing scheme. A significant portion of this repayment is expected to rely on the Village Fund, alongside continued budgetary support for the KMP program.
Criticism over the truck imports has prompted Agrinas Pangan to state that it would comply with any directive from the government or the House of Representatives to cancel the orders. However, the company has already paid Rp 7.39 trillion in down payments for 1,000 trucks that have arrived in Indonesia.
Separately, the government has introduced supporting measures to strengthen KDMP’s viability. The Villages and Regional Development Ministry has proposed halting the issuance of new mini-market permits to support village-based enterprises, including KDMP units. In parallel, the Coordinating Food Ministry plans to position KMP cooperatives as distribution agents for subsidized fertilizers, LPG cylinders and branchless banking services, aiming to eliminate middlemen and informal lenders.
However, such extensive top-down support risks replicating the shortcomings of the New Order regime’s KUD program. KUD units failed to achieve genuine business autonomy and became heavily dependent on government support. Many collapsed after support was withdrawn under Inpres No. 18/1998. Their close ties to state programs also contributed to widespread governance issues, including corruption. A key improvement in the KDMP design is that assets are legally owned by villages rather than managers, addressing a major flaw in the KUD model, where asset ownership by individuals enabled capture by managers and their families and contributed significantly to mismanagement.
The reliance on the Village Fund to repay bank loans further risks undermining KMP cooperatives’ financial discipline from the outset. Combined with extensive state backing, including the potential creation of local monopolies, this could entrench long-term dependence on government support. Amid rising fiscal pressures, the government should consider limiting the program to currently completed units, while prioritizing efforts to gradually reduce state dependence by fostering partnerships with local entrepreneurs and community-based enterprises.
