Sector
Fishery
Indonesia, boasting the title of the world’s largest archipelagic country with a vast sea area of 5.8 million square kilometers, stands as one of the largest producers and suppliers in the global fisheries market. The abundance of sea area provides Indonesia with a wealth of fisheries products, making fisheries a national leading sector in the country.
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Fishery
Indonesia, boasting the title of the world’s largest archipelagic country with a vast sea area of 5.8 million square kilometers, stands as one of the largest producers and suppliers in the global fisheries market. The abundance of sea area provides Indonesia with a wealth of fisheries products, making fisheries a national leading sector in the country.
There are 23 regions where fisheries stand out as a leading sector, supporting local economies and providing food security. These regions encompass Aceh, Bengkulu, Riau, Lampung, South Sumatra, Central Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and North Kalimantan. Other regions include Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, North Maluku, Papua, West Papua, and Bangka Belitung.
In 2022, Indonesia’s fisheries sector contributed a total of Rp505 trillion to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Building this strong foundation, the country set an ambitious target of reaching US$7.2 billion in fishery exports by the end of 2023. Previously, total fishery product exports had hovered around US$5 billion to US$6 billion.
Supporting the sector’s contribution to the country’s GDP is its production. Throughout the third quarter of 2023, Indonesia’s fisheries production totaled 24.74 million tons. This figure includes both capture fisheries and aquaculture. In aquaculture, the main commodities are seaweed cultivation and shrimp cultivation, while in capture fisheries, the main commodities are tuna, skipjack tuna, and mackerel tuna.
Furthermore, Indonesia’s fisheries sector is experiencing a surge in investment. By the third quarter of 2023, the sector had attracted a total of Rp9.56 trillion in investment, with significant contributions from a mix of domestic sources at Rp5.32 trillion, foreign investors at Rp1.4 trillion, and credit sources at Rp2.84 trillion. Notably, China is the largest foreign investor, contributing Rp370.74 billion, followed by Malaysia with Rp240.4 billion, and Switzerland with Rp152.89 billion, highlighting the increasing international interest in Indonesia’s fisheries potential.
While Indonesia boasts impressive fisheries production and growing investments in its fisheries sector, it is vital to uphold fisheries regulations. These regulations ensure that this valuable sector thrives alongside healthy marine ecosystems. It is reported that Indonesia is scheduled to enforce a new fisheries policy in 2025, which will see quotas assigned to industrial, local, and non-commercial fishers across six designated fishing zones, covering all 11 fisheries management areas (FMAs) in Indonesia. The new quota system responds to a worrying rise in overexploited FMAs, which have increased to 53 percent from 44 percent in 2017.
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The country’s long-running food estate ambition is entering a new and larger phase with the conversion of vast forest areas in South Papua into non-forest zones, or areas for other uses (APL). Initially framed as a strategy to achieve rice self-sufficiency, the program has now expanded under President Prabowo Subianto to also pursue energy security, with palm oil positioned as a key commodity to serve both goals.
The food estate initiative was launched in 2020 under President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo, following warnings from the Food and Agriculture Organization that the COVID-19 pandemic could trigger global food shortages. Framed as a matter of national defense, the program was assigned to then-defense minister Prabowo.
At the time, the Defense Ministry proposed Merauke Regency as the project site, citing abundant available land. The Merauke administration said it had at least 2.5 million hectares suitable for development, half of which had previously been allocated to the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) project under the administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The project ultimately failed, largely because wetlands in the area proved unsuitable for rice cultivation.
Political considerations played a role in Jokowi’s decision not to revive the MIFEE, as a successful revival could have bolstered Yudhoyono’s legacy at a time when his Democratic Party sat in opposition. Jokowi opted instead to develop food estates in Central Kalimantan but that effort also faltered, in part because peatland is similarly ill-suited for farming rice.
Yet Merauke never fully disappeared from the policy agenda. On Apr. 19, 2024, after Prabowo had been declared president-elect, Jokowi issued Presidential Decree No. 15/2024 on establishing a sugar and bioethanol self-sufficiency task force. He then appointed his investment minister Bahlil Lahadalia to lead the task force, which was assigned to implement its program in Merauke, the original location proposed by the Defense Ministry.
Prabowo immediately followed suit, moving to redirect the food estate program back to Merauke. To get an early start, he brought in Jhonlin Group owner Andi “Isam” Syamsuddin, facilitated by Isam’s cousin Amran Sulaiman, who was agriculture minister at the time. Jhonlin began clearing land and building infrastructure for rice paddies, deploying 2,000 excavators imported from China worth Rp 4 trillion (US$236.94 million). When Prabowo took office in October 2024, Amran was retained as agriculture minister.
The sugar and bioethanol self-sufficiency project soon ran into institutional hurdles. A budget deadlock and the absence of a regional spatial plan (RTRW) for South Papua, newly established in 2022, prompted the formation of a high-level coordination team led by Coordinating Food Minister Zulkifli Hasan via Presidential Decree No. 19/2025, issued on Aug. 5. The team designated the food estate as a national strategic project (PSN) and declared Merauke, Mappi, Asmat and Boven Digoel as national food, energy and water self-sufficiency areas under Coordinating Economy Minister Regulation No. 16/2025.
To support the food estate PSN, 489,940 ha of forests in Merauke, Boven Digoel and Mappi were reassigned non-forest area (APL) status on Sept. 18 through Forestry Minister Regulation No. 591/2025. Oil palm development plans include 143,000 ha of these newly converted forests and 326,000 ha of illegal plantations seized by the forest area enforcement task force (Satgas PKH).
The National Procurement Agency (LKPP) issued Regulation No. 3/2025 on Sept. 22, to accelerate state funds disbursement by eliminating electronic bidding and feasibility study requirements for vendors of self-sufficiency areas.
This regulatory change enabled Jhonlin to bill the 2025 state budget for work done in 2024 to a tune of Rp 7 trillion, Rp 1 trillion of which has been paid.
Further cementing the program’s footprint, the Agrarian and Spatial Planning Ministry issued decrees on Jan. 11, 2026, granting right to build (HGB) and right to cultivate (HGU) for 328,000 ha of land redesignated as APL. This includes customary forests for which indigenous Papuan communities have long sought formal recognition.
